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The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States

by Asa Gray (1810–1888)

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  • 39 chapters
  • Reading level: 8th & 9th grade

"The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States" by Asa Gray is a scientific publication likely written in the late 19th century. This manual serves as a comprehensive guide to the flora of the United States, focusing on botanical species found east of the Mississippi River and north of North Carolina and Tennessee. The text is aimed at both students and practitioners of botany, providing detailed descriptions and classifications of various plant species in the region. At the start of the manual, the preface outlines the evolution of the work through several editions, the contributions made by the current editors in extending and revising the content, and the importance of maintaining Dr. Gray's principles and methodologies. The editors express their dedication to upholding the high standards established in previous editions while expanding the work to include more recent advances in systematic botany. The beginning also mentions the geographical limits and distribution of plants covered in the manual, indicating a thoughtful approach to the study of botany that takes into account both historical context and contemporary developments.

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  • Plants · United States

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C. Majus, L. (CELANDINE.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May — Aug. (Adv: from Eu.)

4. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. HORN-POPPY.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition; seeds crestless.—Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, [Greek: glau/kion], from the glaucous foliage.)

G. LUTEUM, Scop. Lower leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sinuate-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6—10' long).—Waste places S. E. New Eng., Md., and Va.; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. PAPAVER, Tourn. POPPY.

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4—20-rayed crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule; the latter short and turgid, with 4—20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect partitions, opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma.—Herbs with a white juice; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.)—Three annual species of the Old World are sparingly adventive; viz.:

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Contents

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  1. Preface
  2. C. Majus, L. (CELANDINE.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May — Aug. (Adv: from Eu.)
  3. C. SATIVA, Crantz. Annual; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped; pods: margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)
  4. C. Bursa-Pastoris, Moench. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatifid or toothed: stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places; the commonest of weeds. April — Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)
  5. L. Campestre, Br. Minutely soft downy; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat: toothed; pods ovate, winged, rough, the style longer than the narrow notch. — Old fields, Mass. and N. Y. to Va.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
  6. V. Odorata, L. (SWEET VIOLET), cultivated in gardens, from Europe: belongs near this group, and is sparingly spontaneous in some places
  7. L. DIURNA, Sibth. (RED LYCHNIS.) Resembling L. vespertina, but less: viscid, the calyx usually shorter (4 — 6'' long), and the flowers red, opening in the morning. — Rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)
  8. L. FLORIDANUM, Trelease, of rather stricter habit and the pods broadly: ovate and obtuse, appears to have been found in S. Ill
  9. L. Usitatissimum, L. (COMMON FLAX.) Annual; stem corymbosely branched at: top; sepals acute, ciliate. — Occasionally spontaneous in fields. (Adv. from Eu.)
  10. V. Hirsuta, Koch. Peduncles 3 — 6-flowered; leaflets 6 — 8 pairs: truncate; calyx-teeth equal; corolla bluish; pods oblong, 2-seeded, hairy. — N. Brunswick to Mass. and Va. (Nat. from Eu.)
  11. L. Pratensis, L. Low and straggling; leaflets narrowly lanceolate to: linear, acute; peduncles several-flowered. — Spontaneous in Mass., N. Y., and Ont. (Nat. from Eu.)
  12. C. Oxyacantha, L. (ENGLISH HAWTHORN.) Smooth; leaves obovate: cut-lobed and toothed, wedge-form at the base; calyx not glandular. More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)
  13. C. ANTHRISCUS, Hudson, has 1 — 2-pinnate leaves with broad leaflets, and: more regularly compounded umbels. — Ohio, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)
  14. C. Carui, L. (CARAWAY.) Leaves pinnately compound, with filiform: divisions. — Naturalized in many places, especially northward. (Nat. from Eu.)
  15. C. Maculatum, L. A large branching European herb, in waste places: N. Eng. to Penn., and west to Iowa and Minn
  16. II. Coffeineae. Ovules solitary in the cells; leaves mostly opposite
  17. III. Stellatae. Ovules solitary; leaves in whorls, without stipules
  18. V. Olitoria, Poll. Fruit flattish, obliquely rhomboidal; empty cells as: large as the fertile, contiguous, the thin partition at length breaking up. — Old fields, N. Y. to Penn. and La. (Nat. from Eu.)
  19. X. Strumarium, L. Low (1 — 2 deg. high); fruit 6 — 8'' long, glabrous or: puberulent, with usually straight beaks and rather slender spines. — A weed of barnyards, etc., sparingly nat. from Eu. (?) or Ind. (?)
  20. C. Nutans, L. (MUSK THISTLE.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate: spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. — Fields near Harrisburg, Pa., Prof. Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)
  21. C. Jacea, L. Like the last; heads rather larger, the brownish: scale-appendages lacerate; rays conspicuous, palmate. — Charlotte, Vt. (Pringle); near N. Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.)
  22. L. Communis, L. Nearly smooth, 1 — 2 deg. high; lower leaves ovate, sometimes: lyre-shaped. — Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)
  23. C. Biennis, L. Somewhat pubescent, 2 deg. high, leafy; leaves: runcinate-pinnatifid; heads rather large, corymbose; achenes oblong, glabrous. — Vt., Mass.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
  24. L. PALUSTRE, L., with linear leaves, 10 stamens, and short-oval capsule: is found in Newfoundland and northwestward. (Eu.)
  25. L. Vulgare, L. (PRIVET, or PRIM.) Leaves very smooth; berries: black. — Used for low hedges, and naturalized eastward; from Europe
  26. I. Antirrhinideae. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla covering the lower: in the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulas, etc.) Capsule usually septicidal
  27. II. Rhinanthideae. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla covering: the upper in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidal
  28. L. Genistifolia, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched; leaves: lanceolate, acute; flowers smaller and more scattered; seeds wingless. — Sparingly naturalized near New York. (Nat. from Eu.)
  29. L. SPURIA, Mill. Like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves: and ovate or cordate calyx-lobes. — Occasionally occurs on ballast or waste grounds near cities. (Nat. from Eu.)
  30. L. Purpureum, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped: crenate-toothed, all petioled. — N. Eng. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)
  31. L. Maculatum, L. Like the last, but leaves more frequently marked with a: white spot on the upper face, and flowers purplish, with the ring of hairs transverse instead of oblique. — Sparingly escaped. (Adv. from Eu.)
  32. C. Sativa, L. (HEMP.) Stem 4 — 8 deg. high; leaves 4 — 8' broad; flowers: green. — Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from Eu.)
  33. I. CAROLINIANA, Watson, resembling n. 1, but with longer laxer and: greener leaves, and the very large seeds in one row in each cell, probably occurs in S. Va
  34. I. PSEUDACORUS, L., the YELLOW IRIS of European marshes, with very long: linear leaves and bright yellow beardless flowers, is reported as having become established in Mass. and N. Y
  35. C. Bullata X Utriculata, Bailey. Perigynium considerably smaller and: more spreading, less shining; scales longer and sharper. (C. Olneyi, Boott.) — Providence, R. I. (Olney)
  36. C. STRICTA x SALINA, Bailey. Spikes thinner and more scattered, more: inclined to be peduncled; scales blunt or short-awned, little exceeding the perigynium. — Near Boston, Mass., W. Boott, Morong
  37. C. Dactylon, Pers. Spikes 3 — 5; flowering glume smooth, longer than the: blunt rudiment. — Penn., and southward, where it is cultivated for pasturage. (Nat. from Eu.)
  38. L. Temulentum, L. (BEARDED DARNEL.) Root annual; culm taller; outer: glume fully equalling the 5 — 7-flowered spikelet; awn longer than the flower (1/2' long). — Grain-fields; rare. (Adv. from Eu.)
  39. L. ALPINUM, L., or its var. SABINAEFOLIUM, occurs from Labrador to: Washington Territory, and is to be expected in northern Maine and Minn. It has slender branches with rigid nearly appressed leaves

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About this edition

This free edition of The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States by Asa Gray comes from Project Gutenberg eBook #39423, released 2012-04-11. It is in the public domain in the United States, so you can read it here in full at no cost, on any phone, tablet or computer. Genre: Science - Biology, Nature/Gardening/Animals.

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