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Ethics — Part 1

by Benedictus de Spinoza (1632–1677)

  • Free to read
  • 55 min read
  • Reading level: 10th to 12th grade

"Ethics — Part 1" by Benedictus de Spinoza is a philosophical treatise written between 1661 and 1675. This opening section explores the relationship between God and the universe through geometric proofs modeled after Euclid's method. Spinoza argues that God is identical with nature itself, not separate from creation. Through definitions, axioms, and propositions, he presents a radical vision where everything follows necessarily from divine nature, challenging traditional views about free will, divine purpose, and human understanding.

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Produced by an anonymous Project Gutenberg volunteer.

Benedict de Spinoza, THE ETHICS
(Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata)

Translated by R. H. M. Elwes

PART I: CONCERNING GOD.

DEFINITIONS.

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About this edition

This free edition of Ethics — Part 1 by Benedictus de Spinoza comes from Project Gutenberg eBook #919, released 1997-05-01. It is in the public domain in the United States, so you can read it here in full at no cost, on any phone, tablet or computer. Genre: History - Early Modern (c. 1450-1750), Philosophy & Ethics, Religion/Spirituality.

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